By. Elizabeth Wagmeister. It’s teatime in London, and Olivia Wilde is talking about the O-word. No, not the Oscars, but her approach to sex scenes in her new movie, “Don’t Worry Darling ...OverviewMaterialsConceptual challenges Sentiment analysis in industry Affective computingOur primary datasets Overview of this unit 1.Sentiment as a deep and important NLU problem 2.General practical tips for sentiment analysis 3.The Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST) 4.The DynaSent dataset 5.sst.py 6.Methods: hyperparameters and classifier ... Conflicting sentiment labels are a natural occurrence. We propose using a simple majority voting scheme to select the most probably sentiment label as the ground-truth. Based on this approach, the corpus has 30.4% positive utterances, 17% negative utterances, and 52.6% neutral utterances. Us-ing the highest voted sentiment label as ground ... on sentiment analysis in factual text from both the author’s and readers’ perspectives. 2.1 Implicit sentiment analysis from the author’s perspective Balahur et al.(2010) performed sentiment analy-sis on quotations in English newswire text. They defined the sentiment of named entities in quo-tations by applying sentiment lexicons to vary-sentiment analysis has the potential for harmful outcomes. We outline the latest lines of research in pursuit of fairness in sentiment analysis. Keywords: sentiment analysis, emotions, arti cial intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing (NLP), social media, emotion lexicons, fairness in NLP 1. Introduction Supervised contrastive learning gives an aligned representation of sentiment expressions with the same sentiment label. In embedding space, explicit and implicit sentiment expressions with the same sentiment orientation are pulled together, and those with different sentiment labels are pushed apart. arXiv.org e-Print archive i.e. aspect sentiment classification, we define a context window of size 5 around each aspect term and consider all the tokens within the window for an instance. The intuition behind such an approach is that the sentiment-bearing clue words often occur close to the aspect terms. An example scenario is depicting in Table 1.By. Elizabeth Wagmeister. It’s teatime in London, and Olivia Wilde is talking about the O-word. No, not the Oscars, but her approach to sex scenes in her new movie, “Don’t Worry Darling ...Sentiment analysis granularity is subdivided into document level, sentence level, and aspect level. Document-level sentiment analysis takes the entire document as a unit, but the premise is that the document needs to have a clear attitude orientation—that is, the point of view needs to be clear (Shirsat et al. 2018; Wang and Wan 2011).uses document-level sentiment annotations to constrain words expressing similar sentiment to have simi-lar representations. Tang et al. (2014) changed the objective function of the C&W (Collobert et al., 2011) model to produce sentiment-specific word vectors for Twitter sentiment analysis, by leveraging large vol-umes of distant-supervised tweets.Table 1 Overall sentiment of PDF. Table 1 shows the total score of the sentiment, which is the sum of all the scores taken sentence by sentence. After that, there is a count of all three sentiments, i.e., Positive, Negative, and Neutral. This shows how many sentences are of positive, negative or neutral sentiment.Smith on Moral Sentiments Sympathy Part I: The Propriety of Action Section 1: The Sense of Propriety Chapter 1: Sympathy No matter how selfish you think man is, it’s obvious thatPerceived social isolation (PSI) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Social media platforms, commonly used by young adults, may offer an opportunity to ameliorate social isolation. This study assessed associations between social media use (SMU) and PSI among U.S. young adults.Sentiment analysis is a powerful tool for traders. You can analyze the market sentiment towards a stock in real-time, usually in a matter of minutes. This can help you plan your long or short positions for a particular stock. Recently, Moderna announced the completion of phase I of its COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials.negative sentiment values. Finally, all P vec-tors (one generated for each segment) are concate-nated. The concatenated vector is returned as the sentiment representation of the entire review. The process looks the same for all sentiment lexicons. Algorithm 1 Sentiment Based Representation Input: Review R, number of segments P, senti-ment lexicon LSentiment Analysis in Social Networks. Morgan Kaufmann, S. 4. Aspect-based sentiment classification. Contextual polarity disambiguation. Sentiment ratingprediction. Cross -domain sentiment classification. Cross -languagesentiment classification. Subjectivity classification. Polarity classification. Opinion summarization. Opinion visualization ...Abstract: This paper investigates how investor sentiment a ects stock market returns and evaluates the predictability power of sentiment indices on U.S. and EU stock market returns. As regards the American example, evidence shows that investor sentiment indices have an economic and statistical predictability power on stock market returns.Conflicting sentiment labels are a natural occurrence. We propose using a simple majority voting scheme to select the most probably sentiment label as the ground-truth. Based on this approach, the corpus has 30.4% positive utterances, 17% negative utterances, and 52.6% neutral utterances. Us-ing the highest voted sentiment label as ground ... on sentiment analysis in factual text from both the author’s and readers’ perspectives. 2.1 Implicit sentiment analysis from the author’s perspective Balahur et al.(2010) performed sentiment analy-sis on quotations in English newswire text. They defined the sentiment of named entities in quo-tations by applying sentiment lexicons to vary-on a scale from 1-5). The sentiment of text is a measure of the speaker’s tone, attitude, or evaluation of a topic, independent of the topic’s own sentiment orientation (e.g., a horror movie can be \delightful.") Sentiment analysis is a well-studied subject in computational text analysis and has a correspondingly rich history of prior work. 2arXiv.org e-Print archive inference, sentiment analysis, and document ranking.1. 1 Introduction Unsupervised representation learning has been highly successful in the domain of natural language processing [7, 22, 27, 28, 10]. Typically, these methods first pretrain neural networks on large-scaleJan 28, 2019 · Analyse des sentiments et des émotions de commentaires complexes en langue française Stefania Pecore 2019 11 While the subject is mature, as proved by many published surveys (Pang and Lee 2008), has been applied to cross-lingual sentiment (Zhou et al., 2016), aspect-level sentiment (Wang et al., 2016) and user-oriented sentiment (Chen et al., 2016). To our knowledge, we are the rst to use the attention mechanism to model sentences with respect to targeted sentiments. 3 Models We use a bidirectional LSTM to represent the in-In this paper, from defining the sentiment analysis to algorithms for sentiment analysis and from the first step of sentiment analysis to evaluating the predictions of sentiment classifiers, additional feature extractions to boost performance are discussed with practical results.May 31, 2016 · Download full-text PDF Read full-text. Download full-text PDF. Read full-text. Download citation. ... Die Sentiment Analyse versteht sich als Werkzeug zur Extraktion von Stimmung aus Sätzen oder ... Sentiment analysis is the process of classifying whether a block of text is positive, negative, or, neutral. The goal which Sentiment analysis tries to gain is to be analyzed people’s opinions in a way that can help businesses expand. It focuses not only on polarity (positive, negative & neutral) but also on emotions (happy, sad, angry, etc.).The paper contributes to the research on sentiment analysis and can help practitioners select a suitable methodology for their applications. Discover the world's research 25+ million membersA high-level overview of the proposed generic data science paradigm is shown in Fig. 1.It comprises three primary components, namely a GUI, which facilitates communication with the user, a database, in which relevant data are stored, and a central functional component, which is partitioned into three subcomponents, namely a processing component, a modelling component and an analysis component.We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. user sentiments towards products, by analyzing user-generated natural language text content. 2 Related Work Sentiment analysis (SA) has been an area of long-standing area of research. A seminal work was carried out byHatzivassiloglou and McKeown (1997), attempting to identify the sentiment po-larity orientation of adjectives, using conjunctionThe .gov means it's official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.Solide zugrunde liegende Ergebnisse sowie Liquiditäts- und Kapitalstärke in unsicherem Marktumfeld: Auf ausgewiesener Basis und unter Berücksichtigung einer Erhöhung der Rückstellungen für Rechtsfälle im Zusammenhang mit Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) in den USA um USD 665 Millionen betrug der Vorsteuergewinn im ersten Quartal 2023 USD 1495 Millionen, ein Rückgang um 45% ...Many efforts are focusing on sentiment analysis, which is the field of study that analyzes people's opinions, sentiments, attitudes, and emotions in text. There has been a lot of research using ...Sentiment analysis is the computational study of people窶冱 opinions, sentiments, emo- tions,andattitudes.Thisfascinatingproblemisincreasinglyimportantinbusinessand society. It offers numerous research challenges but promises insight useful to anyone interested in opinion analysis and social media analysis. of sentiment consistency in Wikipedia prior to our conclusions. 2 Related Work Sentiment analysis is an important area of NLP with a large and growing literature. Excellent sur-veysoftheeldinclude(Liu, 2013; PangandLee, 2008), establishing that rich online resources have greatly expanded opportunities for opinion min-ing and sentiment analysis. sentiment (e.g., That’s a girl I know.) They also included factual questions, commercial information, plot summaries, descriptions, etc.. We opted to not define a separate “mixed sentiment” class, as this would not be particularly useful, and is also difficult for models to capture (Liu, 2015, p. 77). All cases of mixed sentiment were ...Cyberpunk 2077 is an open-world, action-adventure RPG set in the megalopolis of Night City, where you play as a cyberpunk mercenary wrapped up in a do-or-die fight for survival. Improved and featuring all-new free additional content, customize your character and playstyle as you take on jobs, build a reputation, and unlock upgrades. fect of the groups of modiers on overall sentiment. We show that the sentiment of a negated expression (such as not w ) on the [-1,1] scale is on average 0.926 points less than the sentiment of the modied term w , if the w is positive. However, the sentiment of the negated expression is on average 0.791 points higher than w , if the w is negative. 3 Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis Tasks Two of the main tasks in ABSA are Aspect Ex-traction (AE) and Aspect Sentiment Classification (ASC). While the latter deals with the semantics of a sentence as a whole, the former is concerned with finding which word that sentiment refers to. We briefly describe them in this section. 3.1 Aspect Extractionsentiment polarity (i.e., positive, neutral and negative) of the opinion target tin the sentence s. DSC Formalization For a review document dfrom the DSC dataset D, we regard it as a special long sentence fwd 1;w d 2;:::;w d ngconsisting of nwords. DSC aims to determine the overall sentiment polarity of the review document d. 2.2 Pre-trainig ...Dans le cas d'une interaction positive, les individus formant le groupe se sentent inclus et appréciés au sein de celui-ci, ce qui engendrent des comportements solidaires. Ces relations, lorsqu ... necessarily cover the sentiment expressed by the author towards a specific entity. To address this gap, we introduce PerSenT, a crowdsourced dataset of sentiment annotations on news articles about people. For each article, annotators judge what the author’s sentiment is towards the main (target) entity of the article.Abstract and Figures. Sentiment Analysis (SA) refers to a family of techniques at the crossroads of statistics, natural language processing, and computational linguistics. The primary goal is to ...Jan 6, 2023 · Sentiment analysis, one of the research hotspots in the natural language processing field, has attracted the attention of researchers, and research papers on the field are increasingly published. Many literature reviews on sentiment analysis involving techniques, methods, and applications have been produced using different survey methodologies and tools, but there has not been a survey ... ing sentiment polarity (s), and the opinion term (o). For example, in the sentence “Thedrinksare al-wayswell madeandwine selectionisfairly priced”, the aspect terms are “drinks” and “wine selection”, and their sentiment polarities are both “positive”, and the opinion terms are “well made” and “fairly priced”. paper: sentiment lexicon, negation words, and in-tensity words. Sentiment lexicon offers the prior polarity of a word which can be useful in deter-mining the sentiment polarity of longer texts such asphrasesandsentences. Negatorsaretypicalsen-timentshifters(Zhuetal.,2014),whichconstantly change the polarity of sentiment expression. In- Conflicting sentiment labels are a natural occurrence. We propose using a simple majority voting scheme to select the most probably sentiment label as the ground-truth. Based on this approach, the corpus has 30.4% positive utterances, 17% negative utterances, and 52.6% neutral utterances. Us-ing the highest voted sentiment label as ground ... has been applied to cross-lingual sentiment (Zhou et al., 2016), aspect-level sentiment (Wang et al., 2016) and user-oriented sentiment (Chen et al., 2016). To our knowledge, we are the rst to use the attention mechanism to model sentences with respect to targeted sentiments. 3 Models We use a bidirectional LSTM to represent the in- inference, sentiment analysis, and document ranking.1. 1 Introduction Unsupervised representation learning has been highly successful in the domain of natural language processing [7, 22, 27, 28, 10]. Typically, these methods first pretrain neural networks on large-scaleThe .gov means it's official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.A high-level overview of the proposed generic data science paradigm is shown in Fig. 1.It comprises three primary components, namely a GUI, which facilitates communication with the user, a database, in which relevant data are stored, and a central functional component, which is partitioned into three subcomponents, namely a processing component, a modelling component and an analysis component.The paper contributes to the research on sentiment analysis and can help practitioners select a suitable methodology for their applications. Discover the world's research 25+ million membersi.e. aspect sentiment classification, we define a context window of size 5 around each aspect term and consider all the tokens within the window for an instance. The intuition behind such an approach is that the sentiment-bearing clue words often occur close to the aspect terms. An example scenario is depicting in Table 1. Sentiment analysis, also known as opinion mining, is the field of study that analyzes people’s sentiments, opinions, evaluations, atti-tudes, and emotions from written languages [20, 26]. Many neural network models have achieved good performance, e.g., Recursive Auto Encoder [33, 34], Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) [21, 35],a sentiment lexicon with sentiment-aware wordembedding. However,thesemethod-s were normally trained under document-level sentiment supervision. In this paper, we develop a neural architecture to train a sentiment-aware word embedding by inte-grating the sentiment supervision at both document and word levels, to enhance the Formal executions of protesters follow trials human rights groups regard as shams. Thousands are in jail, many subject to horrific torture. The regime paints what is an emphatic grassroots expression of popular anti-government sentiment, particularly among youth and in long-neglected peripheries, as a foreign plot. Few buy it.arXiv.org e-Print archiveuses document-level sentiment annotations to constrain words expressing similar sentiment to have simi-lar representations. Tang et al. (2014) changed the objective function of the C&W (Collobert et al., 2011) model to produce sentiment-specific word vectors for Twitter sentiment analysis, by leveraging large vol-umes of distant-supervised tweets. tic/syntactic and sentiment information such that sentimentally similar words have similar vector representations. They typically apply an objective function to optimize word vectors based on the sentiment polarity labels (e.g., positive and nega-tive) given by the training instances. The use of such sentiment embeddings has improved the per-a sentiment lexicon with sentiment-aware wordembedding. However,thesemethod-s were normally trained under document-level sentiment supervision. In this paper, we develop a neural architecture to train a sentiment-aware word embedding by inte-grating the sentiment supervision at both document and word levels, to enhance the Solide zugrunde liegende Ergebnisse sowie Liquiditäts- und Kapitalstärke in unsicherem Marktumfeld: Auf ausgewiesener Basis und unter Berücksichtigung einer Erhöhung der Rückstellungen für Rechtsfälle im Zusammenhang mit Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) in den USA um USD 665 Millionen betrug der Vorsteuergewinn im ersten Quartal 2023 USD 1495 Millionen, ein Rückgang um 45% ...Perceived social isolation (PSI) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Social media platforms, commonly used by young adults, may offer an opportunity to ameliorate social isolation. This study assessed associations between social media use (SMU) and PSI among U.S. young adults.Many efforts are focusing on sentiment analysis, which is the field of study that analyzes people's opinions, sentiments, attitudes, and emotions in text. There has been a lot of research using ...sentiment polarity (i.e., positive, neutral and negative) of the opinion target tin the sentence s. DSC Formalization For a review document dfrom the DSC dataset D, we regard it as a special long sentence fwd 1;w d 2;:::;w d ngconsisting of nwords. DSC aims to determine the overall sentiment polarity of the review document d. 2.2 Pre-trainig ...Mar 6, 2017 · Perceived social isolation (PSI) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Social media platforms, commonly used by young adults, may offer an opportunity to ameliorate social isolation. This study assessed associations between social media use (SMU) and PSI among U.S. young adults. Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis where AI meets Psychology (SAAIP 2012), pages 37–52, COLING 2012, Mumbai, December 2012. Analyzing Sentiment Word Relations with Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation . Alena NEVIAROUSKAYA Masaki AONO . TOYOHASHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, JapanSentiment analysis granularity is subdivided into document level, sentence level, and aspect level. Document-level sentiment analysis takes the entire document as a unit, but the premise is that the document needs to have a clear attitude orientation—that is, the point of view needs to be clear (Shirsat et al. 2018; Wang and Wan 2011). We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Aug 18, 2021 · Table 1 Overall sentiment of PDF. Table 1 shows the total score of the sentiment, which is the sum of all the scores taken sentence by sentence. After that, there is a count of all three sentiments, i.e., Positive, Negative, and Neutral. This shows how many sentences are of positive, negative or neutral sentiment. Aspect-Sentiment Analysis (JMASA) task, aiming to jointly extract the aspect terms and their corre-sponding sentiments. For example, given the text-image pair in Table.1, the goal of JMASA is to identify all the aspect-sentiment pairs, i.e., (Sergio Ramos, Positive) and (UCL, Neutral). Most of the aforementioned studies to MABSASentiment analysis is a powerful tool for traders. You can analyze the market sentiment towards a stock in real-time, usually in a matter of minutes. This can help you plan your long or short positions for a particular stock. Recently, Moderna announced the completion of phase I of its COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials.OverviewMaterialsConceptual challenges Sentiment analysis in industry Affective computingOur primary datasets Overview of this unit 1.Sentiment as a deep and important NLU problem 2.General practical tips for sentiment analysis 3.The Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST) 4.The DynaSent dataset 5.sst.py 6.Methods: hyperparameters and classifier ...Download full-text PDF Read full-text. Download full-text PDF. Read full-text. Download citation. ... Die Sentiment Analyse versteht sich als Werkzeug zur Extraktion von Stimmung aus Sätzen oder ...Many efforts are focusing on sentiment analysis, which is the field of study that analyzes people's opinions, sentiments, attitudes, and emotions in text. There has been a lot of research using ...inference, sentiment analysis, and document ranking.1. 1 Introduction Unsupervised representation learning has been highly successful in the domain of natural language processing [7, 22, 27, 28, 10]. Typically, these methods first pretrain neural networks on large-scaleJan 6, 2023 · Sentiment analysis, one of the research hotspots in the natural language processing field, has attracted the attention of researchers, and research papers on the field are increasingly published. Many literature reviews on sentiment analysis involving techniques, methods, and applications have been produced using different survey methodologies and tools, but there has not been a survey ... UBS Finanzberichterstattung. 1. Quartal 2023. 1Q23: USD 1,0 Mrd. Reingewinn, starke Kundenzuflüsse. UBS Group CEO kommentiert unser Ergebnis für das 1. Quartal 2023. Medienmitteilung (Download PDF) Sep 3, 2023 · Abstract. This paper demonstrates how a graph-based semantic parser can be applied to the task of structured sentiment analysis, directly predicting sentiment graphs from text. We advance the state of the art on 4 out of 5 standard benchmark sets. We release the source code, models and predictions. Anthology ID: Aspect-Sentiment Analysis (JMASA) task, aiming to jointly extract the aspect terms and their corre-sponding sentiments. For example, given the text-image pair in Table.1, the goal of JMASA is to identify all the aspect-sentiment pairs, i.e., (Sergio Ramos, Positive) and (UCL, Neutral). Most of the aforementioned studies to MABSA paper: sentiment lexicon, negation words, and in-tensity words. Sentiment lexicon offers the prior polarity of a word which can be useful in deter-mining the sentiment polarity of longer texts such asphrasesandsentences. Negatorsaretypicalsen-timentshifters(Zhuetal.,2014),whichconstantly change the polarity of sentiment expression. In- Figure 1: Illustration of moral sentiment change over the past two centuries. Moral sentiment trajectories of three probe concepts, slavery, democracy, and gay, are shown in moral sentiment embedding space through 2D projec-tion from Fisher’s discriminant analysis with respect to seed words from the classes of moral virtue, moral vice,A high-level overview of the proposed generic data science paradigm is shown in Fig. 1.It comprises three primary components, namely a GUI, which facilitates communication with the user, a database, in which relevant data are stored, and a central functional component, which is partitioned into three subcomponents, namely a processing component, a modelling component and an analysis component.Abstract: This paper investigates how investor sentiment a ects stock market returns and evaluates the predictability power of sentiment indices on U.S. and EU stock market returns. As regards the American example, evidence shows that investor sentiment indices have an economic and statistical predictability power on stock market returns.
Wir werden zunächst einen Blick auf das EPR-Argument und die Anfänge der Debatte um verschränkte Zustände werfen (Abschn. 4.2 ). In den folgenden Abschnitten werden wir dann die aktuelle Debatte um Verschränkung und Nicht-Lokalität darstellen, die vor allem auf Bells Beweis und einschlägigen Experimenten beruht.. 1970 women
One of the key challenges in sentiment analysis is to model compositional sentiment semantics. Take the sentence “Frenetic but not really funny.” in Fig-ure 1 as an example. The two parts of the sentence are connected by “but”, which reveals the change of sentiment. Besides, the word “not” changes the sentiment of “really funny ...a sentiment lexicon with sentiment-aware wordembedding. However,thesemethod-s were normally trained under document-level sentiment supervision. In this paper, we develop a neural architecture to train a sentiment-aware word embedding by inte-grating the sentiment supervision at both document and word levels, to enhance the Solide zugrunde liegende Ergebnisse sowie Liquiditäts- und Kapitalstärke in unsicherem Marktumfeld: Auf ausgewiesener Basis und unter Berücksichtigung einer Erhöhung der Rückstellungen für Rechtsfälle im Zusammenhang mit Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) in den USA um USD 665 Millionen betrug der Vorsteuergewinn im ersten Quartal 2023 USD 1495 Millionen, ein Rückgang um 45% ...Cyberpunk 2077 is an open-world, action-adventure RPG set in the megalopolis of Night City, where you play as a cyberpunk mercenary wrapped up in a do-or-die fight for survival. Improved and featuring all-new free additional content, customize your character and playstyle as you take on jobs, build a reputation, and unlock upgrades.Sentiment analysis, also known as opinion mining, is the field of study that analyzes people’s sentiments, opinions, evaluations, atti-tudes, and emotions from written languages [20, 26]. Many neural network models have achieved good performance, e.g., Recursive Auto Encoder [33, 34], Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) [21, 35],Sentiment analysis can reveal what other people think about a product. The rst appli-cation of sentiment analysis is thus giving indication and recommendation in the choice of products according to the wisdom of the crowd. When you choose a product, you are generally attracted to certain speci c aspects of the product. A single global rating couldMoralia. The Moralia ( Ancient Greek: Ἠθικά Ethika; loosely translated as "Morals" or "Matters relating to customs and mores") is a group of manuscripts written in Ancient Greek, dating from the 10th–13th centuries, and traditionally ascribed to the 1st-century scholar Plutarch of Chaeronea. [1] The eclectic collection contains 78 ... a sentiment label: positive, negative or neural. As mentioned, we neglect the neutral sentiments in the dataset. For data pre-processing, the following steps were taken: 1) Selecting data: There are three types of sentiments in this dataset: the positive, the negative and the neutral sentiments.one sentiment classification per volitional entity per document though. The recent paper byLuo et al.(2022) represents our closest match. While we find that our usage of the term "entity-level sentiment analysis" is thematically related to a few other usages in the literature, we do not see any established competing use of the term. WeWord2vec is a technique for natural language processing (NLP) published in 2013. The word2vec algorithm uses a neural network model to learn word associations from a large corpus of text. Once trained, such a model can detect synonymous words or suggest additional words for a partial sentence. Conflicting sentiment labels are a natural occurrence. We propose using a simple majority voting scheme to select the most probably sentiment label as the ground-truth. Based on this approach, the corpus has 30.4% positive utterances, 17% negative utterances, and 52.6% neutral utterances. Us-ing the highest voted sentiment label as ground ... May 31, 2016 · Download full-text PDF Read full-text. Download full-text PDF. Read full-text. Download citation. ... Die Sentiment Analyse versteht sich als Werkzeug zur Extraktion von Stimmung aus Sätzen oder ... .